Citations

“Data & Statistic” first section

[1]Complete November 21, 2017 NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll Release of the United States

[2] Black, M.C., Basile, K.C., Breiding, M.J., Smith, S.G., Walters, M.L., Merrick, M.T., Chen, J., & Stevens, M.R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[3] Ibid

[4] Ibid

[5] Lisak & Miller, 2002 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11991158/ ; Abbey et al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2013 Include that data was gathered asking men if they had non-consensual sex without using the terms rape or sexual assault

[6] FBI: UCR. “2015 Crime in the United States.” FBI. Accessed July 23, 2002https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/rape)

[7] Rennison, C. A. (2002). Rape and sexual assault: Reporting to police and medical attention, 1992-2000 [NCJ 194530]. Retrieved from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics: http://bjs.ojp. usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsarp00.pdf

[8] This is an often quoted percentage, replicated in numerous studies including: FBI Crime in the US, 2004; California Dept. of Justice, 2005, Crime in California; Tjaden & Thoennes, Prevalence, Incident & Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, 1998, 2003; and local statistics from the North Coast Rape Crisis Team

“Data & Statistics” “Reporting”

[1] Morgan, Rachel E. and Kena, Grace. “Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised.” U.S. Department of Justice. October 2018. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv16.pdf. Twenty percent of victims do not file in fear of retaliation from perpetrator and/or from society/community/workplace, thirteen percent do not trust the police to help, and thirty percent did not provide reason. Also see: Belknap, J. (footnote 13 in our “prevention article”)

[2] Ibid.

[3] This number is based on the FBI UCR study: 93,000 reported rapes yearly X (.97 X .03 X .2 chance of falsely naming a man) X 75 years / 160000000 men = 0.025% or 1 in 4000 chance of being falsely accused of rape. FBI: UCR. “2015 Crime in the United States.” FBI. Accessed July 23, 2022. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/rape)

[4] UK Home Office Study shows 4% (Kelly, Liz & Lovett, Jo & Regan, Linda. “Home Office Research Study 293 A Gap or a Chase? Attrition in Reported Rape Cases” UK Home Office. January 2005. Accessed July 22, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238713283_Home_Office_Research_Study_293_A_gap_or_a_chasm_Attrition_in_reported_rape_cases. Another study cited by the US Department of Justice shows 2.1% (Heenan, Melanie & Murray, Suellen. Study of Reported Rapes in Victoria 2000 – 2003. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. July 2006. Accessed July 24, 2022 https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/study-reported-rapes-victoria-2000-2003-summary-research-report ). However, I gathered this quote and this opinion from Amia Srinvasan’s “The Right to Sex”, pages 2 - 3 (UK & US stats), and Alexandra' Brodsky’s “Sexual Justice”, pages 52-54.

[5] “Scope of the Problem: Statistics.” RAINN, https://www.rainn.org/statistics/scope-problem. Accessed July 14, 2022.

“Data & Statistics” “Psychological Impact on Survivors”

[1] Gaskell. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care.” National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) 2005. . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56506/ Accessed July 14, 2022.

[2] Dworkin, Emily, Jaffe, Anne E, and Bedard-Glligan, Michele. PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. July 19, 2021. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380211032213

[3] DG Kilpatrick, CN Edumuds, AK Seymour. Rape in America: A Report to the Nation. Arlington, VA: National Victim Center and Medical University of South Carolina (1992).

[4] Ibid

[5] Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Socio-emotional Impact of Violent Crime (2014).

“Data & Statistics” - “Socio-Economic Impact on the Community/Workplace”

[1] Peterson, Cora, DeGue, Sarah, Florence, Curtis, and Lokey, Colby N. “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape Among U.S. Adults” American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2017. Accessed July 25, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28153649/

2] The White House Council on Women and Girls, “Rape and Sexual Assault: A Renewed Call to Action,” 2014

[3]Shaw, Elyse, Hegewisch, Ariane, and Hess, Cynthia. “Sexual Harassment and Assault at Work: Understanding the Costs.” Institute for Women’s Policy Research. October 2018. https://iwpr.org/iwpr-publications/briefing-paper/sexual-harassment-and-assault-at-work-understanding-the-costs/#:~:text=Based%20on%20their%20meta%2Danalysis,by%20harassment%20(Willness%20et%20al. Accessed July 11, 2022.

[4] Willness, Chelsea, Piers Steel, and Kibeom Lee. 2007. “A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual Harassment.” Personnel Psychology 60(1): 127–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x.

[1] Peterson, Cora, DeGue, Sarah, Florence, Curtis, and Lokey, Colby N. “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape Among U.S. Adults” American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2017. Accessed July 25, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28153649/

[2] The White House Council on Women and Girls, “Rape and Sexual Assault: A Renewed Call to Action,” 2014

[3]Shaw, Elyse, Hegewisch, Ariane, and Hess, Cynthia. “Sexual Harassment and Assault at Work: Understanding the Costs.” Institute for Women’s Policy Research. October 2018. https://iwpr.org/iwpr-publications/briefing-paper/sexual-harassment-and-assault-at-work-understanding-the-costs/#:~:text=Based%20on%20their%20meta%2Danalysis,by%20harassment%20(Willness%20et%20al. Accessed July 11, 2022.

[4] Willness, Chelsea, Piers Steel, and Kibeom Lee. 2007. “A Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents and Consequences of Workplace Sexual Harassment.” Personnel Psychology 60(1): 127–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x.

“Data & Statistics” - “Socio-Economic Impact on Survivors”

[1] Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Socio-emotional Impact of Violent Crime (2014)

[2] Brodsky Alexandra. Sexual Justice. Metropolitan Books, 2021 p. 22. 91% of victims of sexual assault are

[3] Ibid.